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Ziggurat of Enlil

Mesopotamia

Temple towers were ideal observatories from which the courses of the stars and the planets could be plotted and the cycle of the planets studied. The Sun (Shamash), the Moon (Sin), and the five observable planets were important as principle divinities and for interpreting or predicting events on earth in an early system of astrology.

Egypt

The Egyptians were accomplished astronomers and practical geometers demonstrated by the monumental engineering projects they undertook. As most students of chemistry know, Egypts' name for itself is Khm (in the King James Bible - "Ham") from which Khemeia derives - the Egyptian art of chemisty.

Greece

In contrast with the Babylonian astronomers who were observers of the apparent motion of the moon, sun, planets and stars, the Greek thinkers were called "philosophers" because their speculations on the nature of things dealt with the world in it's entirety. Some Greek thinkers were also mathematicians, but few were astronomical observers preferring, instead, to think about what had already been observed by others.

China

Astronomical ideas played an important part in the culture of China. It is difficult to arrive at a true picture of the development of those ideas because later Chinese authors try to ascribe an earlier origin to later ideas in order to give them venerability and validity. Nevertheless, an Anyang bone inscription records a lunar eclipse "on the fifteenth day of the twelfth moon of the twenty-ninth year of King Wu-Ting (November 23, 1311 BCE).

India

The cosmology of India is based on the idea of the unity of the cosmos and that it should be perceived as an organic whole in which all parts are inter-dependent. The Sun (Surya)is the center of creation, the point at which the manifest (seen) and unmanifest (unseen) worlds unite and is the visible source of the world in which we live. But all worlds destruct in Time (Kala) and dissolve back to the unmanifest.

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